{"id":14471,"date":"2025-09-01T12:41:16","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T12:41:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guardna.wpenginepowered.com\/laerere\/"},"modified":"2025-09-01T12:43:06","modified_gmt":"2025-09-01T12:43:06","slug":"laerere","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/no\/8-10-trinn\/laerere\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e6rere"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"14471\" class=\"elementor elementor-14471\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-622abd5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"622abd5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd7b8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cdd7b8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-343bb56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"343bb56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teacher's guide<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b47240 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b47240\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7add4bd elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7add4bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-file-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download Teacher's Guide (not available)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-454a890 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"454a890\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e1a0d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e1a0d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7936056 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7936056\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Before you begin ...<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0764c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0764c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Before you begin using the GUARDNA Teacher\u2019s Guide, here are a few tips:<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>In the PDF version of this guide, words highlighted in <span style=\"color: #00899b;\">blue <\/span>are explained in the <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/glossary\/\">Glossary section<\/a> at the end of this document. On the website, these words are <a class=\"popup\">underlined with curved lines<\/a>. By clicking on them you will get their definition in the GUARDNA context.<\/li><li>Words or sentences <u>underlined<\/u> include a link to a website.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>We would love to hear your opinion on the GUARDNA materials and the Teacher\u2019s Guide: were the materials useful in supporting your teaching? Which improvements would you suggest? Did we missed anything out, what else would you like to see included in the materials? We would appreciate if you could email us your and your students\u2019 questions or comments at <a href=\"mailto:education@nammco.org\">education@nammco.org<\/a>. We excitedly await your feedback!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6258707 elementor-toc--minimized-on-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"6258707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__6258707\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__6258707\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__6258707\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04822d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"04822d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfeabfd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfeabfd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a349f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a349f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99024e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99024e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A thriving North Atlantic is crucial for the Nordic region, providing oxygen, food, <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY4OSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">resources<\/a>, and climate stability. However, in recent decades <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc4NSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">human activities<\/a> and climate change are threatening our oceans in general and some marine mammal <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Nzk2LCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">species<\/a> more particularly. In this context, GUARDNA-Guardians of the North Atlantic aims to educate the Nordic youth (ages 7\u201320) about the necessity of ocean <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM3MyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">conservation<\/a> and help empower them as blue allies in the <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzA3LCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">sustainable use<\/a> of the marine <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjgwNCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">environment<\/a>. For this purpose, as marine mammals hold great significance for many people, GUARDNA uses them as iconic ambassadors of the ocean.<\/p><p>Educational materials focusing on marine mammals, the threats they face, how they are used, and users\u2019 roles and responsibilities have been created. They include information cards, hands-on activities, and opportunities to get closer to real-world research. The goal is to engage students and raise awareness about the challenges that the broader marine <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQ0MSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">ecosystem<\/a> undergoes, understand the complexity and multitude of interactions, as well as the different circumstances and, therefore, the different approaches needed throughout the North Atlantic region.<\/p><p>NAMMCO (the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission) is an intergovernmental organisation charged with ensuring the sustainable use and conservation of marine mammals in the North Atlantic. The GUARDNA project is spearheaded by NAMMCO with partners from the NAMMCO member countries and Denmark. As such, country-specific information is only given for the four NAMMCO countries (Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Norway) and Denmark.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3260a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3260a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About this guide<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614026e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"614026e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This booklet intends to support the teacher in using the GUARDNA educational materials in the classroom.<\/p><p>The GUARDNA materials consist of <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/activities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Activity Cards<\/u><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/information-cards\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Information Cards<\/u><\/a>, as well as a <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Glossary<\/u><\/a>, where terms are defined within the specific context of these cards. The idea is to use the <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/activities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Activities<\/u> <\/a>as a fun and engaging entry point to explore the content provided in the <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/information-cards\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Information Cards<\/u><\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/information-cards\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Information Cards<\/u><\/a> themselves offer topics for discussion in the classroom or for further research that the students can conduct and present to the class.<\/p><p>The following pages describe the layout of each type of card and its intended use. If you expand on the original materials and use suggestions, we would love to hear from you!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e863d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6e863d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ee7675 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ee7675\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a065d1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a065d1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activity Cards<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c515d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26c515d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Purpose<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68fb6ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68fb6ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/activities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Activity Cards<\/u><\/a> present a wide range of exercises and hands-on activities, both indoors and outdoors. They are meant to be used in combination with the <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/information-cards\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Information Cards<\/u><\/a>, which provide complementary content and a wider context. These activities are designed to be adaptable across various subjects within the school curriculum, such as natural sciences, mathematics, language lessons, and ethics.<\/p><p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1leiA4yQXAXlAE9YqsBoNM7o1Lbwp4x0o\/edit?usp=drive_link&amp;ouid=107774854404615076389&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this table<\/a>, you will find the learning outcomes, i.e., the competence, your students will acquire through each activity. These outcomes are also listed on each activity\u2019s page. They are country-specific and aligned with the national curriculum.<\/p><p>Some of the activities are to be performed outdoors to stimulate the exploration and <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM3MyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">conservation<\/a> of local marine <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQ0MSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">ecosystems<\/a>. By actively engaging the students in their own coastal <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjgwNCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">environments<\/a> (e.g., learn about the local <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc5NiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">species<\/a> and how they interact with one another), they encourage initiatives to promote environmentally responsible practices in their own communities, either coastal or inland. These activities will promote experimental learning and <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Nzg3LCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">interdisciplinary<\/a> connections, making ocean <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM3MyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">conservation<\/a> relevant in multiple educational contexts.<\/p><p>Activities related to <a href=\"https:\/\/mintag-project.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MINTAG<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/nass.nammco.org\/2024\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASS24<\/a> allow students to follow real-world high-profile research, fostering a strong connection to the study of the ocean and increasing the engagement in STEAM education.<\/p><p><em>Note: Activities are continuously being added to the website<\/em><em>, so check regularly for new content.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ea98d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64ea98d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to use Activity Cards<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-403184c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"403184c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0Below is a step-by-step guide on how we recommend using the Activity Cards.<\/p><ul><li>We recommend reading through the Teacher\u2019s guide first to understand how the materials are conceived.<\/li><li>Go to the <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website<\/a> and open the desired activity under the <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/activities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Activities<\/a> Once you are familiar with the materials, you can decide which activities are best suited for your students.<\/li><li>The information to perform the activities can be accessed online or printed for use offline.<\/li><li>Teachers can access the activity guide by clicking the \u201c<strong>Download<\/strong> <strong>activity<\/strong> <strong>(Teachers)<\/strong>\u201d button. This version includes answers and clarifications that are not available in the student version or on the activity\u2019s main page, thus providing a thorough overview of the activity.<\/li><li>The document available under \u201c<strong>Download activity (Students)<\/strong>\u201d contains the same information as shown on the website, namely, the instructions the students are meant to follow (with guidance from the teacher). It will likely be easier for the students to follow along if these are printed.<\/li><li>All necessary materials are listed in the \u201cMaterials\u201d section, including the handouts needed to complete the activity. We recommend distributing these to the students in printed form.<\/li><li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/information-cards\/\"><u>Information Cards<\/u><\/a> that provide the background information to complete the activity are listed under the \u201cGUARDNA Cards\u201d section.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baa0e1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"baa0e1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Information cards<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a5346e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a5346e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Purpose<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31a6f42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31a6f42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These cards deliver concise, age-adapted and accessible information about key aspects of ocean <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM3MyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">conservation<\/a> and, in particular, marine mammals. GUARDNA is centred around several sets of <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/information-cards\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Information Cards<\/u><\/a> related to marine mammal <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc5NiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">species<\/a>, threats, <a href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY5OCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">stakeholders<\/a>, and uses. They are meant to enhance the students&#8217; knowledge and understanding of marine <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQ0MSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">ecosystems<\/a>, as well as users\u2019 needs and responsibilities.<\/p><p>A key element for several types of <a href=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/13-15\/information-cards\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Information Cards<\/u><\/a> \u00a0is that they provide citable sources, which both teachers and students can look up for further information. Numbers inside square brackets indicate the information source. On the website, the reference list can be found at the end of each page. If you have downloaded a card, its reference list can be found under its corresponding topic section at the end of this Teacher\u2019s guide, both on the website and in the PDF version.<\/p><p>QR codes at the bottom of a card lead to relevant pages on the <a href=\"http:\/\/nammco.no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NAMMCO website<\/a> where more details and bibliography about that topic can be found.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59fb08c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59fb08c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Species Cards<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4259317 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4259317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Species Cards present information on marine mammals (<a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM4MSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">cetaceans<\/a> and <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM5MCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">pinnipeds<\/a>) in the GUARDNA area. This includes facts, gathered by <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM4OSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">NAMMCO<\/a> (check the <a href=\"https:\/\/nammco.no\/marine-mammals\/\">website<\/a> for further details), on the biology and <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#\">ecology<\/a> of each <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc5NiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">species<\/a>, as well as their most updated <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM3NCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">abundance estimates<\/a> in the most relevant area.<\/p><p>Some details to better understand the cards:<\/p><ol><li>The cards always include the <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc5NiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">species<\/a>\u2019 English name, <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODExLCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">scientific name<\/a>, and common name in the six GUARDNA languages: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Northern S\u00e1mi.<\/li><li>Adult length, weight, and maximum age: maximum known length, weight, and age the <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc5NiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">species<\/a> can reach, regardless of sex. Often, males and females differ considerably in size and lifespan, and this differs from <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc5NiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">species<\/a> to <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc5NiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">species<\/a> (e.g., female blue whales are larger than males, male sperm whales are much larger than females, male killer whales are larger than females, but females killer whales generally live much longer).<\/li><li>The Species Cards display the European <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjY0LCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">IUCN<\/a> <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM3MyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">conservation<\/a> status, and indicates the date of that <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#\">assessment<\/a>, as the status may evolve with years. The <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjY0LCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">IUCN<\/a> status can be checked in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species<\/a>. Sometimes, the global and European <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjY0LCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">IUCN<\/a> status are not the same, as the status of <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQyMyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">populations<\/a> varies throughout their distribution range. For example, for some <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc5NiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">species<\/a>, the global population may be <em>Least Concern<\/em>, while the European <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQyMyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">populations<\/a> is <em>Vulnerable<\/em> or<em> Endangered<\/em> or vice-versa (e.g., the fin whale is <em>Vulnerable<\/em> at the global level but <em>Least Concern<\/em> at the European level). \u00a0In parentheses we have included the year for that specific assessment.<\/li><li>Geographical names (e.g., NA, NEA, Subarctic, Arctic) are shown in a map at the end of this page (see section <a href=\"#geoterms\"><em>Geographical terms<\/em><\/a>) for clarification.<\/li><li><a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM3NCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">Abundance estimates<\/a>: it is impossible to count exactly how many marine mammals are in a given <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQyMyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">population<\/a>, therefore their abundance is estimated through <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjcwMyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">surveys<\/a> and (sometimes complicated) calculations. Because there is a degree of uncertainty involved in these estimates, they are typically reported with that uncertainty or as a range of possible values. For simplicity\u2019s sake, the Species Cards show rounded \u201cbest\u201d estimates. \u00a0For some <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Nzk2LCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">species<\/a>, due to the logistical difficulty in <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjcwMyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">surveying<\/a>, there are no precise <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM3NCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">abundance estimates<\/a> for some regions, and an approximate <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM3NCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">abundance estimate<\/a> is given for a larger scale, sometimes global (e.g., Arctic or North Atlantic), but always including the hunting areas. For example, for harp seals and hooded seals, the abundance is given for the entire North Atlantic, as they are also hunted in West Greenland. The area the abundance estimate applies to is indicated on the card.<\/li><li>The number of hunted animals is given as the average for 2019\u20132023 for the entire country. There might be several management areas within the same country. For the NAMMCO member countries, the yearly numbers taken in each management area can be found in the <a href=\"https:\/\/nammco.no\/marine-mammal-catch-database\/\">Catch Database<\/a>.<\/li><li>The number of hunted animals encompasses animal killed as food <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY4OSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">resource<\/a> as well as those killed as protection against damage to fisheries and <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzA2MCwidG9nZ2xlIjpmYWxzZX0%3D\">aquaculture<\/a>. It does not encompass the number of by-caught animals, neither any animals illegally taken.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36c7525 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"36c7525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Species-card-1024x723.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14036\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Species-card-1024x723.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Species-card-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Species-card-768x542.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Species-card-1536x1085.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Species-card-2048x1446.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6db7ea4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6db7ea4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stakeholder Cards<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341835a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341835a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStakeholder Cards describe the different <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY5OCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">stakeholders <\/a>dealing in some ways with marine mammals as a resource in the North Atlantic for cultural, food provisioning, recreational, scientific, and <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM2OSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">management<\/a> interests.\n\nThe <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY5OCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">stakeholders <\/a>\u2019 influence chart introduces students to the power-interest matrix related to marine mammal <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjM2OSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">management<\/a> in the North Atlantic. This is a tool used to categorise stakeholders based on:\n<ul>\n \t<li>the amount of influence they have during the <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY0NSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">decision-making<\/a> process and<\/li>\n \t<li>how much their own life is directly affected by the topic and, therefore, their level of personal interest in <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY0NSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">decision-making<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nIn the PDF version of the cards, stakeholders are positioned on the matrix according to their current level of influence and interest. On the website, this matrix is interactive, allowing students to place each <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY5OCIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">stakeholder <\/a>where they believe they belong. Teachers are encouraged to guide students in critically evaluating the matrix, prompting discussions such as: <em>Should hunters have more power?<\/em> or <em>how might the influence of the general public change over time?<\/em>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41751f7 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"41751f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"266\" data-src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/stakeholders-1024x340.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14022 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/stakeholders-1024x340.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/stakeholders-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/stakeholders-768x255.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/stakeholders-1536x510.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/stakeholders-2048x680.png 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/266;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf8e010 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cf8e010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uses Cards<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-678eea9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"678eea9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since pre-historic times, <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Njk5LCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">stranded <\/a>or hunted marine mammals have represented <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY4OSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">resources<\/a> for many coastal communities worldwide, both in terms of food and materials but also as artistic and spiritual inspiration. More recently, their use for recreational purposes (seal and whale watching) has developed. The Uses Cards describe the multiple facets of the marine mammal <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjY4OSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">resource<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce871c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ce871c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Threat Cards<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3a0a7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3a0a7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjcwNSIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">sustainability <\/a>of a <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQyMyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">population <\/a>or species is a balance between its abundance, <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQyMyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">population <\/a>dynamics (e.g., how quickly the <a href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc5NiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">species<\/a> reproduces), and the level of direct (e.g., hunting, by-catch) and indirect (e.g., climate change) human impacts. It is important to note that a threat to an individual does not necessarily translate to a threat to the entire <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQyMyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">population<\/a>; for instance, while hunting obviously endangers individual animals, responsible and sustainable hunting practices do not pose a threat to the <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQyMyIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">population <\/a>as a whole.<\/p><p>The Threat Cards give an overview of the threats or challenges that marine mammals face in the North Atlantic and whether we can easily <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzEwMiwidG9nZ2xlIjpmYWxzZX0%3D\">mitigate<\/a> them.<\/p><p>Some details to better understand the cards:<\/p><ol><li>The coloured bar on the side of the first page indicates the ease or difficulty in <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzEwMiwidG9nZ2xlIjpmYWxzZX0%3D\">mitigating<\/a> and quantifying each threat, with red indicating a high degree of difficulty and green representing a lower degree of difficulty.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911e1d9 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"911e1d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" data-src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/threats-1024x725.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14029 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/threats-1024x725.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/threats-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/threats-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/threats-1536x1087.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/threats-2048x1449.png 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/566;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baf6c9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"baf6c9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"geoterms\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geographical terms<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3d1a96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3d1a96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNumerous geographical terms are referred to in the In GUARDNA cards. The map provided below shows the area corresponding to the geographical terms used in the GUARDNA cards. It should be noted that the boundaries used here are not official and are only used for reference purposes.\n\n<strong>Geographical definitions within GUARDNA:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>NAMMCO area:<\/strong> This encompasses the marine area surrounding the NAMMCO member countries (Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, and Norway), both their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and the high seas.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>GUARDNA area<\/strong>: It encompasses the above areas plus the waters around Denmark.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Arctic:<\/strong> The delineation of the Arctic region is taken as the boundaries established by the <a class=\"popup\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjYzNiIsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Subarctic:<\/strong> The region immediately south of the Arctic and north of the temperate regions in the North Atlantic.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>North Atlantic (NA):<\/strong> The northern portion of the Atlantic Ocean, extending from the equator northward towards the Arctic Ocean.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>North East Atlantic (NEA):<\/strong> Refers to the eastern portion of the North Atlantic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd953d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"bd953d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script type=\"text\/javascript\">jQuery(function() { _initLayerSlider( '#layerslider_13_yvs0zuz9ab37', {createdWith: '7.11.1', sliderVersion: '7.11.1', autoStart: false, keybNav: false, skin: 'v6', navPrevNext: false, hoverPrevNext: false, navStartStop: false, navButtons: false, hoverBottomNav: true, showCircleTimer: false, useSrcset: true, skinsPath: 'https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/LayerSlider\/assets\/static\/layerslider\/skins\/', performanceMode: true}); });<\/script><div id=\"layerslider_13_yvs0zuz9ab37\"  class=\"ls-wp-container fitvidsignore\" style=\"width:942px;height:720px;margin:0 auto;\"><div class=\"ls-slide\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1955\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-11x300-4-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-11x300-4-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-11x300-4-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-11x300-4-1024x782.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-11x300-4-768x587.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-11x300-4-1536x1173.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-11x300-4-2048x1564.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:0px;top:0px;width:942px;height:720px;\"><ls-layer style=\"top:610px;left:80px;font-family:roboto;color:#7F3633;font-size:29px;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":2}]'>North Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:562px;left:490px;font-family:roboto;color:#746006;font-size:29px;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":3}]'>North East Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:106px;left:562px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#00464E;font-size:29px;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":6}]'>NAMMCO <br>\narea<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:194px;left:654px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;font-size:29px;color:#7f3633;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":4}]'>Arctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:515px;left:313px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#17E886;font-size:29px;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":5}]'>Subarctic<\/ls-layer><\/div><div class=\"ls-slide\" data-ls=\"transitionduration:0;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1940\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-1024x776.png 1024w, 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https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-1536x1217.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-2048x1623.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-89px;top:30px;width:910px;height:723px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1304\" height=\"1450\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1.png 1304w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-270x300.png 270w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-921x1024.png 921w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-768x854.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1304px) 100vw, 1304px\" style=\"left:404px;top:275px;width:418px;height:465px;opacity:0.45;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1590\" height=\"1446\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1.png 1590w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-300x273.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-1024x931.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-768x698.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-1536x1397.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1590px) 100vw, 1590px\" style=\"left:275px;top:2px;width:513px;height:467px;opacity:0.45;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2162\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1.png 2162w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-1024x404.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-768x303.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-1536x606.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-2048x808.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2162px) 100vw, 2162px\" style=\"left:92px;top:307px;width:695px;height:275px;opacity:0.4;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1555\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png 1555w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1024x450.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-768x338.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1536x676.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1555px) 100vw, 1555px\" style=\"left:240px;top:214px;width:497px;height:218px;opacity:0.45;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1932\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1024x773.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1536x1159.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-2048x1546.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-38px;top:0px;width:980px;height:738px;\"><ls-layer style=\"top:613px;left:61px;font-family:roboto;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":2}]'>North Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:564px;left:469px;font-family:roboto;color:#746006;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":3}]'>North East Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:107px;left:544px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#00464E;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":6}]'>NAMMCO <br>\narea<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:197px;left:638px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":4}]'>Arctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:518px;left:297px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#17E886;font-size:29px;opacity:0.4;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":5}]'>Subarctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"font-size:53px;top:20px;left:44px;color:#00464E;\" class=\"ls-l ls-icon-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":1}]'><i class=\"fa fa-chevron-left\"><\/i><\/ls-layer><\/div><div 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https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-2048x808.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2162px) 100vw, 2162px\" style=\"left:92px;top:307px;width:695px;height:275px;opacity:0.4;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1555\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png 1555w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1024x450.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-768x338.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1536x676.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1555px) 100vw, 1555px\" style=\"left:240px;top:214px;width:497px;height:218px;opacity:0.45;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1932\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1024x773.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1536x1159.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-2048x1546.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-38px;top:0px;width:980px;height:738px;\"><ls-layer style=\"top:613px;left:61px;font-family:roboto;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":2}]'>North Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:564px;left:469px;font-family:roboto;color:#746006;font-size:30px;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":3}]'>North East Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:107px;left:544px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#00464E;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":6}]'>NAMMCO <br>\narea<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:197px;left:638px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":4}]'>Arctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:518px;left:297px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#17E886;font-size:29px;opacity:0.4;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":5}]'>Subarctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"font-size:53px;top:20px;left:44px;color:#00464E;\" class=\"ls-l ls-icon-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":1}]'><i class=\"fa fa-chevron-left\"><\/i><\/ls-layer><\/div><div class=\"ls-slide\" data-ls=\"transitionduration:0;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1940\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-1024x776.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-768x582.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-1536x1164.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-2048x1552.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-38px;top:0px;width:980px;height:742px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2029\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-1024x811.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-768x609.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-1536x1217.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-2048x1623.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-89px;top:30px;width:910px;height:723px;opacity:0.25;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1304\" height=\"1450\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1.png 1304w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-270x300.png 270w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-921x1024.png 921w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-768x854.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1304px) 100vw, 1304px\" style=\"left:404px;top:275px;width:418px;height:465px;opacity:0.25;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1590\" height=\"1446\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1.png 1590w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-300x273.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-1024x931.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-768x698.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-1536x1397.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1590px) 100vw, 1590px\" style=\"left:275px;top:2px;width:513px;height:467px;opacity:0.2;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2162\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1.png 2162w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-1024x404.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-768x303.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-1536x606.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-2048x808.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2162px) 100vw, 2162px\" style=\"left:92px;top:307px;width:695px;height:275px;opacity:0.2;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1555\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png 1555w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1024x450.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-768x338.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1536x676.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1555px) 100vw, 1555px\" style=\"left:240px;top:214px;width:497px;height:218px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1932\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1024x773.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1536x1159.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-2048x1546.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-38px;top:0px;width:980px;height:738px;\"><ls-layer style=\"top:613px;left:61px;font-family:roboto;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":2}]'>North Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:564px;left:469px;font-family:roboto;color:#746006;font-size:30px;opacity:0.4;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":3}]'>North East Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:107px;left:544px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#00464E;font-size:30px;opacity:0.4;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":6}]'>NAMMCO <br>\narea<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:197px;left:638px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":4}]'>Arctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:518px;left:297px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#17E886;font-size:29px;opacity:0.4;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":5}]'>Subarctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"font-size:53px;top:20px;left:44px;color:#00464E;\" class=\"ls-l ls-icon-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":1}]'><i class=\"fa fa-chevron-left\"><\/i><\/ls-layer><\/div><div class=\"ls-slide\" data-ls=\"transitionduration:0;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1940\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-1024x776.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-768x582.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-1536x1164.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-2048x1552.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-38px;top:0px;width:980px;height:742px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2029\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-1024x811.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-768x609.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-1536x1217.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-2048x1623.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-89px;top:30px;width:910px;height:723px;opacity:0.25;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1304\" height=\"1450\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1.png 1304w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-270x300.png 270w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-921x1024.png 921w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-768x854.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1304px) 100vw, 1304px\" style=\"left:404px;top:275px;width:418px;height:465px;opacity:0.25;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1590\" height=\"1446\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1.png 1590w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-300x273.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-1024x931.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-768x698.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-9x300-1-1536x1397.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1590px) 100vw, 1590px\" style=\"left:275px;top:2px;width:513px;height:467px;opacity:0.2;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2162\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1.png 2162w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-1024x404.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-768x303.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-1536x606.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-6x300-1-2048x808.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2162px) 100vw, 2162px\" style=\"left:92px;top:307px;width:695px;height:275px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1555\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png 1555w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1024x450.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-768x338.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1536x676.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1555px) 100vw, 1555px\" style=\"left:240px;top:214px;width:497px;height:218px;opacity:0.45;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1932\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1024x773.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1536x1159.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-2048x1546.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-38px;top:0px;width:980px;height:738px;\"><ls-layer style=\"top:613px;left:61px;font-family:roboto;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":2}]'>North Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:564px;left:469px;font-family:roboto;color:#746006;font-size:30px;opacity:0.4;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":3}]'>North East Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:107px;left:544px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#00464E;font-size:30px;opacity:0.4;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":6}]'>NAMMCO <br>\narea<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:197px;left:638px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":4}]'>Arctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:518px;left:297px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#17E886;font-size:29px;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":5}]'>Subarctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"font-size:53px;top:20px;left:44px;color:#00464E;\" class=\"ls-l ls-icon-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":1}]'><i class=\"fa fa-chevron-left\"><\/i><\/ls-layer><\/div><div class=\"ls-slide\" data-ls=\"transitionduration:0;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1940\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-1024x776.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-768x582.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-1536x1164.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-3x300-1-2048x1552.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-38px;top:0px;width:980px;height:742px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2029\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-1024x811.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-768x609.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-1536x1217.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-8x300-1-2048x1623.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-89px;top:30px;width:910px;height:723px;opacity:0.25;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1304\" height=\"1450\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1.png 1304w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-7x300-1-270x300.png 270w, 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src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1.png 1555w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1024x450.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-768x338.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-5x300-1-1536x676.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1555px) 100vw, 1555px\" style=\"left:240px;top:214px;width:497px;height:218px;opacity:0.45;\"><ls-layer style=\"top:613px;left:61px;font-family:roboto;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":2}]'>North Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:564px;left:469px;font-family:roboto;color:#746006;font-size:30px;opacity:0.4;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":3}]'>North East Atlantic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:107px;left:544px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#00464E;font-size:30px;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":6}]'>NAMMCO <br>\narea<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"top:197px;left:638px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#7F3633;font-size:30px;opacity:0.45;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":4}]'>Arctic<\/ls-layer><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1932\" src=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png\" class=\"ls-l ls-img-layer\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1024x773.png 1024w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-1536x1159.png 1536w, https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Asset-4x300-2-2048x1546.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" style=\"left:-38px;top:0px;width:980px;height:738px;\"><ls-layer style=\"top:518px;left:297px;font-family:roboto;text-align:center;color:#17E886;font-size:29px;opacity:0.4;\" class=\"ls-l ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"rotation:-7;\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"mouseenter\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":5}]'>Subarctic<\/ls-layer><ls-layer style=\"font-size:53px;top:20px;left:44px;color:#00464E;\" class=\"ls-l ls-icon-layer\" data-ls-actions='[{\"action\":\"switchSlide\",\"trigger\":\"click\",\"delay\":0,\"slide\":1}]'><i class=\"fa fa-chevron-left\"><\/i><\/ls-layer><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef61bb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ef61bb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8326144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8326144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Threats<\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">By-catch and entanglement:<\/span><\/p><p>[1] Read, A.J., Drinker, P., &amp; Northridge, S. (2006). Bycatch of Marine Mammals in U.S. and Global Fisheries.\u00a0<em>Conservation Biology<\/em>, 20: 163-169.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00338.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00338.x<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[2] International Whaling Commission. Conservation and Management \u2013 Entanglement of large whales.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/iwc.int\/management-and-conservation\/entanglement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/iwc.int\/management-and-conservation\/entanglement<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[3] ASCOBANS. (2020, September 4). Bycatch \u2013 Still a Major Cause of Small Cetacean Mortality.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ascobans.org\/en\/news\/bycatch-%E2%80%93-still-major-cause-small-cetacean-mortality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.ascobans.org\/en\/news\/bycatch-%E2%80%93-still-major-cause-small-cetacean-mortality<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[4] NAMMCO. By-catch, entanglement and ship strike.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nammco.no\/by-catch-entanglement-and-ship-strike\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/nammco.no\/by-catch-entanglement-and-ship-strike<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><u>Climate change:<\/u><\/p><p>[1] Rantanen, M., Karpechko, A. Yu., Lipponen, A., Nordling, K., Hyv\u00e4rinen, O., Ruosteenoja, K., Vihma, T., &amp; Laaksonen, A. (2022). The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979.\u00a0<em>Communications Earth &amp; Environment<\/em>, 3(1), 168.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43247-022-00498-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43247-022-00498-3<\/a><\/p><p>[2] Kovacs, K. M., Lydersen, C., Overland, J. E., &amp; Moore, S. E. (2011). Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals.\u00a0<em>Marine Biodiversity<\/em>, 41(1), 181\u2013194.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12526-010-0061-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12526-010-0061-0<\/a><\/p><p>[3] Duengen, D., Burkhardt, E., &amp; El-Gabbas, A. (2022). Fin whale (<em>Balaenoptera physalus<\/em>) distribution modeling on their Nordic and Barents Seas feeding grounds.\u00a0<em>Marine Mammal Science<\/em>, 38(4), 1583\u20131608.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2022\/mar\/28\/meet-us-dont-eat-us-how-iceland-is-turning-tourists-from-whale-eaters-to-whale-watchers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mms.12943<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Habitat degradation<\/span><\/p><p>[1] World Economic Forum. (2018, August 3). Only 13% of the world\u2019s oceans are untouched by humans.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/stories\/2018\/08\/new-map-shows-that-only-13-of-the-oceans-are-still-truly-wild\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/stories\/2018\/08\/new-map-shows-that-only-13-of-the-oceans-are-still-truly-wild\/<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[2] Marine Conservation Institute. 30\u00d730: Protecting at least 30% of the ocean by 2030. Retrieved May 20, 2025, from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/marine-conservation.org\/30x30\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/marine-conservation.org\/30\u00d730\/<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[3] OSPAR Commission. (2022, October 5). 11% of the North-East Atlantic is now protected.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ospar.org\/news\/mpareport\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.ospar.org\/news\/mpareport<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[4] Akandil, C., Plekhanova, E., Rietze, N., Oehri, J., Rom\u00e1n, M. O., Wang, Z., Radeloff, V. C., &amp; Schaepman-Strub, G. (2024). Artificial light at night reveals hotspots and rapid development of industrial activity in the Arctic.\u00a0<em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America<\/em>, 121(44), e2322269121.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2322269121\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2322269121<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hunting<\/span><\/p><p>[1]<\/p><p>[2] Rocha, R. C., Clapham, P. J., &amp; Ivashchenko, Y. V. (2014). Emptying the oceans: a summary of industrial whaling catches in the 20th century.\u00a0<em>Marine Fisheries Review<\/em>,<strong>\u00a076<\/strong>(4), 37-48<em>.\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7755\/MFR.76.4.3\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7755\/MFR.76.4.3<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><u>Noise disturbance<\/u><\/p><p>[1] Huntington, H. P., Boyle, M., Flowers, G. E., Weatherly, J. W., Hamilton, L. C., Hinzman, L., \u00a0Gerlach, C., Zulueta, R., Nicolson, C., Overpeck, J. (2007). The influence of human activity in the Arctic on climate and climate impacts.\u00a0<i>Climatic change<\/i>\u00a082, 77\u201392.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-006-9162-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-006-9162-y<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[2] Tervo, O. M., Blackwell, S. B., Garde, E., Hansen, R. G., Samson, A. L., Conrad, A. S., Heide-J\u00f8rgensen, M. P. (2023). Stuck in a corner: Anthropogenic noise threatens narwhals in their once pristine Arctic habitat.\u00a0<em>Science Advances\u00a0<\/em>9, eade0440.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.ade0440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.ade0440<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[3] Jepson, P., Arbelo, M., Deaville, R.\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans.\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i>\u00a0425, 575\u2013576 (2003).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/425575a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/425575a<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><u>Pollution<\/u><\/p><p>[1] Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., &amp; Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.\u00a0<em>Science<\/em>, 347(6223), 768\u2013771.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1260352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1260352<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[2]\u00a0Kosior, E., &amp; Crescenzi, I. (2020). Solutions to the plastic waste problem on land and in the oceans. In: T. M. Letcher (Ed.),\u00a0<em>Plastic waste and recycling<\/em>\u00a0(pp. 415\u2013446). Academic Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-817880-5.00016-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-817880-5.00016-5<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[3] James, N. A., &amp; Gro\u00dfe, A. (2023). Marine Mammals and Interactions with Debris in the Northeastern Atlantic Region: Synthesis and Recommendations for Monitoring and Research. In: Grimstad, S.M.F., Ottosen, L.M., James, N.A. (Eds.),\u00a0<em>Marine Plastics: Innovative Solutions to Tackling Waste.<\/em>\u00a0Springer, Cham.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-31058-4_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-31058-4_1<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[4] Jepson, P. D., &amp; Law, R. J. (2016). Persistent pollutants, persistent threats.\u00a0<em>Science, 352(6292)<\/em>, 1388\u20131389.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf9075\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf9075<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[5] Borrell, A. (1993). PCB and DDT in blubber of cetaceans from the northeastern north Atlantic.\u00a0<em>Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26(3)<\/em>, 146\u2013151<em>.<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0025-326x(93)90125-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0025-326x(93)90125-4<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[6] \u00a0International Whaling Commission (IWC). (2020). Report of the IWC Workshop on Marine Debris: The Way Forward, 3-5 December 2019, La Garriga, Catalonia, Spain. SC\/68B\/REP\/03. Available at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.iwc.int\/pages\/view.php?ref=17025&amp;k=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/archive.iwc.int\/pages\/view.php?ref=17025&amp;k=<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[7] Nelms, S. E., Barnett, J., Brownlow, A. et al. (2019). Microplastics in marine mammals stranded around the British coast: ubiquitous but transitory?\u00a0<em>Scientific Reports<\/em>, 9, 1075.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-37428-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-37428-3<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[8] Jepson, P. D., Deaville, R., Barber, J. L. et al. (2016). PCB pollution continues to impact populations of orcas and other dolphins in European waters.\u00a0<em>Scientific Reports<\/em>, 6, 18573.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep18573p\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep18573p<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[9] \u00a0Murphy, S., Barber, J. L., Learmonth J. A. et al. (2015). Reproductive Failure in UK Harbour Porpoises\u00a0<em>Phocoena phocoena<\/em>: Legacy of Pollutant Exposure?\u00a0<em>PLoS ONE, 10(7)<\/em>, e0131085.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0131085\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0131085<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ship strike<\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"author\">[1] Tournadre, J.<\/span>\u00a0(<span class=\"pubYear\">2014<\/span>),\u00a0<span class=\"articleTitle\">Anthropogenic pressure on the open ocean: The growth of ship traffic revealed by altimeter data analysis<\/span>.\u00a0<i>Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>,\u00a0<span class=\"vol\">41<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"pageFirst\">7924<\/span>\u2013<span class=\"pageLast\">7932<\/span>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014GL061786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014GL061786<\/u><\/a>.<\/p><p>[2] Leaper, R. (2019). The role of slower vessel speeds in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, underwater noise and collision risk to whales. <em>Fontiers in Marine Science,\u00a0<\/em>6,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00505<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[3] DFO (2014). <em>Science review of the final environmental impact statement addendum for the early revenue phase of Baffinland\u2019s Mary River Project\u00a0<\/em>[Science Response 2013\/024].\u00a0DFO Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2014\/mpo-dfo\/Fs70-7-2013-24-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2014\/mpo-dfo\/Fs70-7-2013-24-eng.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[4] Laist, D.W., Knowlton, A.R., Mead, J.G., Collet, A.S. and Podesta, M. (2001). Collissions between ships and whales. <em>Marine Mammal Science<\/em>, 17, 35-75.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00980.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00980.x<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[5] Ifaw (2021).<em>\u00a0Ship strikes and whales: preventing a collission course.<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/d1jyxxz9imt9yb.cloudfront.net\/resource\/1114\/attachment\/original\/Ship_strikes_and_whales_-_factsheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/d1jyxxz9imt9yb.cloudfront.net\/resource\/1114\/attachment\/original\/Ship_strikes_and_whales_-_factsheet.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[6] Marine Mammal Commission (n.a.). <em>North Atlantic Right Whale.\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mmc.gov\/priority-topics\/species-of-concern\/north-atlantic-right-whale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.mmc.gov\/priority-topics\/species-of-concern\/north-atlantic-right-whale\/<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Tourism<\/span><\/p><p>[1] Arctic Portal. (n.d.). Sustainable Arctic Tourism.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arcticportal.org\/shipping-portlet\/tourism#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20newest%20scientific,800%20%25%20in%20a%20past%20decade\">https:\/\/arcticportal.org\/shipping-portlet\/tourism<\/a><\/p><p>[2] Bejder, L., Higham, J. E., &amp; Lusseau, D. (2022). Tourism and research impacts on marine mammals: A bold future informed by research and technology. In\u00a0<i>Marine Mammals: the Evolving Human Factor<\/i>\u00a0(pp. 255-275). Cham: Springer International Publishing.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-98100-6_8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-98100-6_8<\/a><\/p><p>[3] Bearzi, M. (2017).\u00a0<i>Impacts of Marine Mammal Tourism. Ecotourism\u2019s Promise and Peril, 73\u201396.\u00a0<\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-58331-0_6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-58331-0_6\u00a0<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><strong>Uses<\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Biomimicry<\/span><\/p><p>[1] Lebdioui, A. (2022). Nature-inspired innovation policy: Biomimicry as a pathway to leverage biodiversity for economic development.\u00a0<i>Ecological Economics<\/i>,\u00a0<i>202<\/i>, 107585.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2022.107585\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2022.107585<\/a><\/p><p>[2] Baleen Filter (n.d.).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.baleenfilters.com\/\">https:\/\/www.baleenfilters.com\/<\/a><\/p><p>[3] Biomimicry Institute [@<span class=\"x1lliihq x193iq5w x6ikm8r x10wlt62 xlyipyv xuxw1ft\">biomimicryinstitute<\/span>]. (2024, February 18). Instagram.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/biomimicryinstitute\/p\/C3fczQbPaAn\/\">https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/biomimicryinstitute\/p\/C3fczQbPaAn\/\u00a0<\/a><\/p><p>[4] Goulet, P., Guinet, C., Swift, R., Madsen, P. T., &amp; Johnson, M. (2019). A miniature biomimetic sonar and movement tag to study the biotic environment and predator-prey interactions in aquatic animals.\u00a0<em>Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers.\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr.2019.04.007\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr.2019.04.007<\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Clothes and artefacts<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Food<\/span><\/p><p>[1] Ziegler, F., Nilsson, K., Levermann, N., Dorph, M., Lyberth, B., Jessen, A.A., &amp; Desportes, G. (2021). Local Seal or Imported Meat? Sustainability Evaluation of Food Choices in Greenland, Based on Life Cycle Assessment. <em>Foods<\/em>, 10(6):1194. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10061194\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10061194<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[2] Shahidi, F., &amp; Synowiecki, J. (1996). Seal meat: A unique source of muscle food for health and nutrition. <em>Food Reviews International<\/em>, 12(3), 283\u2013302. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87559129609541082\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87559129609541082<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[3] Geraci, J., &amp; Smith, T. (1979). Vitamin C in the Diet of Inuit Hunters From Holman, N.W.T. <em>Arctic<\/em>,\u00a0<em>32<\/em>(2), 135-139. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14430\/arctic2611\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14430\/arctic2611<\/u><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Recreation<\/span><\/p><p>[1] O\u2019Connor, S., Campbell, R., Cortez, H., &amp; Knowles, T. (2009).<em>\u00a0Whale Watching Worldwide: tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits\u00a0<\/em>(Special report from the International Fund for Animal Welfare). Yarmouth, USA.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.int\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/BackgroundPaper_Aus_WhaleWatchingWorldwide_0.pdf\"><u>https:\/\/www.cms.int\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/BackgroundPaper_Aus_WhaleWatchingWorldwide_0.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[2] Marine Mammal Commission (n.d.).\u00a0<em>The Value of Marine Mammals.<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mmc.gov\/priority-topics\/value-marine-mammals\/\"><u>https:\/\/www.mmc.gov\/priority-topics\/value-marine-mammals\/<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[3] Cottam, B. (2023).\u00a0<em>Gone wild: is wildlife tourism out of control?<\/em>. Geographical.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/geographical.co.uk\/wildlife\/is-wildlife-tourism-out-of-control\"><u>https:\/\/geographical.co.uk\/wildlife\/is-wildlife-tourism-out-of-control<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[4] Jimenez, M. P., DeVille, N. V., Elliott, E. G., Schiff, J. E., Wilt, G. E., Hart, J. E., &amp; James, P. (2021). Associations between nature exposure and health: a review of the evidence.\u00a0<em>International journal of environmental research and public health<\/em>,\u00a0<strong><em>18<\/em><\/strong>(9), 4790.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094790\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094790<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[5] Vert, C. (2020).\u00a0<em>Health Benefits of Blue Spaces During a Pandemic.<\/em>\u00a0IS Global.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.isglobal.org\/en\/healthisglobal\/-\/custom-blog-portlet\/espacios-azules-beneficios-para-la-salud-en-tiempos-de-pandemia\/6008023\/0#:~:text=The%20findings%20showed%20that%20regular,mood%2C%20vitality%20and%20mental%20health.&amp;text=Benefits%20associated%20with%20mental%20health,health%20impacts%20of%20blue%20spaces\"><u>https:\/\/www.isglobal.org\/en\/healthisglobal\/-\/custom-blog-portlet\/espacios-azules-beneficios-para-la-salud-en-tiempos-de-pandemia\/<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4>Stakeholders<\/h4><p><u>Consumers<\/u><\/p><p>[1] Robards, M. D., &amp; Reeves, R. R. (2011). The global extent and character of marine mammal consumption by humans: 1970\u20132009.\u00a0<em>Biological Conservation<\/em>, 144(12), 2770-2786.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.07.034\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.07.034<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[2] Attitudes to Whaling: Norway 2019. A survey commissioned on behalf of: Animal Welfare Institute, Cetacean Society International, Humane Society International, NOAH: For Dyrs Rettigheter, OceanCare, Pro Wildlife, and WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.whales.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/10\/norway-whaling-whalemeat-attitudes-survey-2019.pdf\"><u>https:\/\/uk.whales.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/10\/norway-whaling-whalemeat-attitudes-survey-2019.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[3] Egeland, G. M., Pacey, A., Cao, Z. &amp; Sobol, I. (2010). Food Insecurity among Inuit preschoolers: Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey, 2007-2008.\u00a0<em>Canadian Medical Association Journal<\/em>. 182(3): 243-248.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.091297\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.091297<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[4] Food and Agriculture Organization. The right to food.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/right-to-food\/background\/en\/\"><u>https:\/\/www.fao.org\/right-to-food\/background\/en\/<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[5] Young-Powell, A. (2022, March 28). \u2018Meet us, don\u2019t eat us\u2019: Iceland turns from whale eaters to whale watchers. The Guardian.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2022\/mar\/28\/meet-us-dont-eat-us-how-iceland-is-turning-tourists-from-whale-eaters-to-whale-watchers\"><u>https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2022\/mar\/28\/meet-us-dont-eat-us-how-iceland-is-turning-tourists-from-whale-eaters-to-whale-watchers<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[6] NAMMCO 2017. Marine Mammals: A multifaceted Resource. (Revised version from August 2021).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nammco.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/marine-mammals-a-multifaceted-resource_rev0821.pdf\"><u>https:\/\/nammco.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/marine-mammals-a-multifaceted-resource_rev0821.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Whale and seal watchers<\/span><\/p><p>[1] O\u2019Connor, S., Campbell, R., Cortez, H., &amp; Knowles, T. (2009).<em>\u00a0Whale Watching Worldwide: tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits\u00a0<\/em>(Special report from the International Fund for Animal Welfare). Yarmouth, USA.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.int\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/BackgroundPaper_Aus_WhaleWatchingWorldwide_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.cms.int\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/BackgroundPaper_Aus_WhaleWatchingWorldwide_0.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[2] Koetje, J. (2020).\u00a0<em>Whale watching \u2013 A win-win for the economy and the whales in Massachusetts<\/em>. National Marine Sanctuaries.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sanctuaries.noaa.gov\/news\/dec20\/whale-watching-in-stellwagen-bank.html#:~:text=A%20recent%20study%20revealed%20that,can%20be%20an%20unforgettable%20experience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/sanctuaries.noaa.gov\/news\/dec20\/whale-watching-in-stellwagen-bank.html#:~:text=A%20recent%20study%20revealed%20that,can%20be%20an%20unforgettable%20experience<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[3] Su\u00e1rez-Rojas, C., Hern\u00e1ndez, M. M. G., &amp; Le\u00f3n, C. J. (2023). Sustainability in whale-watching: A literature review and future research directions based on regenerative tourism.\u00a0<em>Tourism Management Perspectives<\/em>,<i>\u00a0<strong>47<\/strong>,<\/i>\u00a0101120.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmp.2023.101120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmp.2023.101120<\/u><\/a><\/p><p>[4] Bejder, L., &amp; Samuels, A. (2003). Evaluating the effects of nature-based tourism on cetaceans. In\u00a0 N. Gales, M. Hindell, &amp; R. Kirkwood (Eds.),\u00a0<em>Marine mammals: Fisheries, tourism and management issues (<\/em>pp. 229-256). CSIRO Publishing.<\/p><p>[5] Zeppel, H. (2008). Education and conservation benefits of marine wildlife tours: Developing free-choice learning experiences.\u00a0<em>The journal of environmental education<\/em>,\u00a0<em>39<\/em>(3), 3-18.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JOEE.39.3.3-18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JOEE.39.3.3-18<\/u><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teacher&#8217;s guide Download Teacher&#8217;s Guide (not available) Before you begin &#8230; Before you begin using the GUARDNA Teacher\u2019s Guide, here are a few tips: In the PDF version of this guide, words highlighted in blue are explained in the Glossary section at the end of this document. On the website, these words are underlined with [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":14473,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14471","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"featured_image_src":null,"featured_image_src_square":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14471","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14471"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14471\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14473"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guardna-educ.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14471"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}